Radiation Oncology

Radiation oncology in Turkey combines cutting-edge technology with experienced doctors to deliver precise cancer treatments that are both effective and accessible. At Biruni Hospital, every patient receives a tailored treatment plan designed to control cancer while minimizing harm to healthy tissue. The right timing and accurate dosage make a big difference in outcomes and improve patients’ quality of life.

What is radiation oncology

Radiation oncology is a branch of medicine that uses focused radiation beams to treat cancer and sometimes certain non-cancer conditions.
The goal is to precisely target cancer cells and stop them from growing or destroy them, while protecting as much healthy tissue as possible.

Radiation oncologists create a customized plan for each patient to ensure the radiation hits the exact spot and delivers the right dose.

Key parts of radiation oncology

• Using scans like CT or MRI to see exactly where the tumor is
• Delivering radiation with machines designed to aim beams accurately
• Applying advanced techniques like IMRT and SRS to target tumors precisely
• Working together with surgery, chemotherapy, or other therapies for best results
• Closely monitoring for side effects during and after treatment
• Regularly checking how the tumor responds and adjusting the plan if needed
  

What are the types of radiation oncology

The main types of radiation oncology include external beam radiation therapy (EBRT),internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy),and systemic radiation therapy. These methods target cancer cells using high-energy rays, with the choice depending on the type, location, and stage of the cancer.

External beam radiation therapy

This is the most common type of radiation treatment. A machine directs beams of radiation at the tumor from outside the body.
It is used for many different types of cancer, with the goal of destroying the tumor while sparing healthy surrounding tissue.
At Biruni Hospital, this is a routine treatment performed by an experienced team.

Key steps and aspects

• Conduct detailed scans to locate the tumor
• Use special software to plan the beam’s path
• Create molds or cushions to keep the body still during each session
• Deliver short daily sessions over several weeks
• Adjust beam angles to protect nearby healthy organs
• Monitor for side effects like fatigue, skin irritation, or appetite changes
• Perform follow-up scans to check how the tumor responded

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)

IMRT takes precision even further. It adjusts the strength and shape of the beams to conform exactly to the shape of the tumor.  This technique is especially helpful when the tumor is in a sensitive or hard-to-reach area. It takes longer to plan but often causes fewer long-term side effects.

Key steps and aspects

• Use high-detail imaging to map the tumor and nearby organs
• Shape the radiation dose in 3D to match the tumor’s outline
• Plan each beam’s angle and intensity in advance
• Position the body with supports or molds
• Check alignment before every session using quick scans
• Deliver treatment daily, adjusting if the body changes
• Monitor blood counts, skin condition, and overall energy levels
• Perform a scan after treatment to assess the outcome

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)

These techniques offer extreme precision and are ideal for small, hard-to-reach tumors in areas like the brain, lung, or spine. They use higher doses of radiation delivered in fewer sessions, with minimal damage to surrounding tissue.

Key steps and aspects

• Use high-resolution scans like MRI or PET to pinpoint the tumor
• Plan the dose very carefully with tight safety margins
• Create firm molds to keep the body or head perfectly still
• Consult specialists if the tumor is near sensitive structures
• Deliver treatment in one to five short sessions
• Monitor closely for reactions like pressure, pain, or swelling
• Scan a few weeks later to check if the tumor has shrunk
• Watch for delayed side effects, especially in sensitive areas like the brain or spine

Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy is different because the radiation source is placed inside the body, directly next to or within the tumor. It’s often used for cancers such as cervical, prostate, or breast. This approach delivers a high dose of radiation to the tumor with little exposure to surrounding tissues.

Key steps and aspects

• Determine if the tumor’s size and location are suitable for brachytherapy
• Use imaging to decide where to place the radioactive source
• Insert the source using small tubes or applicators
• Keep it in place for a set amount of time, then remove it if temporary, or leave it in permanently if needed
• Monitor for pain, swelling, or discomfort
• Explain all safety precautions to the patient and family
• Perform follow-ups to check tumor response and healing

What are the preparations before undergoing a radiation oncology procedure

Preparing for radiation treatment is a process that helps the body and mind handle what’s ahead. Whether it’s external beam therapy, IMRT, or brachytherapy, proper preparation ensures a safer, smoother, and more effective experience. At Biruni Hospital, the team carefully plans everything with the patient’s needs at the center.

Medical and imaging preparation

• Run detailed scans like CT, MRI, or PET to map the tumor’s exact location
• Assess the cancer’s type, stage, and behavior
• Perform blood tests to check overall health and organ function
• Discuss other medical conditions or medications that might affect treatment
• Occasionally perform dental or heart checks if the treatment area is near those organs
  

Simulation and planning sessions

• Conduct a simulation session to position the body exactly as it will be during treatment
• Use molds, masks, or cushions to keep the patient still
• Mark the body with tiny ink dots or tattoos to guide beam placement
• Build a 3D model of the tumor and nearby organs based on scan data
• Medical physicists and dosimetrists calculate the safest dose and best angles

Emotional and mental preparation

• Explain the process and timeline of treatment
• Go over possible side effects and how to manage them
• Encourage questions and address concerns
• Provide access to a psychologist or counselor if needed
• Offer family support sessions to help loved ones understand how to assist

Logistics and lifestyle adjustments

• Arrange transportation or accommodation if needed
• Plan around work, school, or childcare responsibilities
• Review dietary and hydration needs before treatment starts
• Stop certain medications if instructed by the doctor
• Avoid applying lotions or creams to the treatment area
• Quit smoking and limit alcohol to help the body heal

What happens after radiation oncology treatment ends

After the final session, the body continues to react to the radiation for days or weeks. Patients may feel tired or experience mild side effects during this period.

Short term follow-up

• Monitor side effects like redness, fatigue, or soreness
• Use doctor-recommended creams for irritated skin
• Get plenty of rest and avoid overexertion
• Take any prescribed medications to ease symptoms
• Stay hydrated and eat nutrient-rich foods to promote healing
• Protect treated skin from sun exposure
• Attend follow-up visits for exams and blood tests
  

Long term follow-up

Radiation effects can appear months later, so long-term monitoring is crucial. This phase focuses on detecting recurrence, checking organ function, and supporting recovery.

• Schedule regular imaging scans like CT or MRI
• Perform periodic blood tests to monitor health
• Watch for long-term side effects like scarring or nerve damage
• Support recovery of energy, appetite, and emotional well-being
• Gradually resume normal work, school, and social life
• Coordinate additional care if needed
• Provide counseling or rehabilitation if speech or mobility are affected
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle to support immune function

Moving forward with confidence

Radiation oncology is more than machines and doses. It is precision care designed around each patient’s individual needs. At Biruni Hospital, part of leading Oncology Health Centers, patients receive thoughtful planning, advanced technology, and a compassionate team that stays by their side through every phase of treatment.