Medical Oncology

In today’s world, many diseases and medical conditions have become sources of anxiety for people worldwide. However, none are quite as feared as cancer, a diagnosis that strikes fear into the heart of anyone.

Fortunately, Turkey is rapidly emerging as a global leader in cancer care, renowned not only for its cutting-edge medical technologies but also for its patient-centered approach. With advanced institutions like Biruni Hospital, medical oncology has become highly accessible for anyone seeking world-class treatments supported by high-end technology.

Illnesses treated at Biruni Hospital’s Medical Oncology Center

Our Medical Oncology Center provides comprehensive care for a wide range of cancers and blood-related malignancies, using state-of-the-art diagnostics, personalized treatment plans, and advanced therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and supportive care.

Solid Tumors

• Breast Cancer: Early and advanced stages, including hormone receptor-positive, HER2-positive, and triple-negative types.
• Lung Cancer: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
• Colorectal Cancer: Tumors of the colon and rectum, including metastatic cases.
• Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma): Primary liver cancer or secondary metastases.
• Pancreatic Cancer: Aggressive cancers requiring combined modality treatments.
• Stomach (Gastric) Cancer: Early and advanced forms.
• Ovarian and Gynecologic Cancers: Ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancers.
• Prostate Cancer: Localized and metastatic forms, including hormone-resistant types.
• Kidney and Bladder Cancer: Including renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma.
• Head and Neck Cancers: Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and thyroid cancers.
• Skin Cancers: Melanoma and advanced non-melanoma skin cancers.

Hematologic Malignancies (Blood Cancers)

• Leukemia :  Acute and chronic forms, including AML, ALL, CML, and CLL.
• Lymphoma: Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
• Multiple Myeloma: Plasma cell malignancies affecting bone marrow.
• Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS): Pre-leukemic blood disorders.
• Polycythemia Vera and Other Myeloproliferative Disorders: Disorders causing abnormal blood cell production.

Rare and Complex Cancers

• Sarcomas: Bone and soft tissue sarcomas.
• Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) :  Including pancreatic and gastrointestinal NETs.
• Brain Tumors: Primary brain tumors like gliomas and medulloblastomas.
• Pediatric Cancers :  Leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors in children.
  

Types of medical oncology treatments

Medical oncology treatments include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and combination treatments. These approaches are used alone or together to fight cancer by destroying cancer cells, boosting the immune system, or blocking cancer growth signals.

1. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a drug-based cancer treatment that targets rapidly dividing cells in the body. These drugs are typically administered intravenously, orally, or by injection.

Goals:

• Shrink tumors
  
• Kill cancer cells
• Prevent recurrence
  

Chemotherapy can be used on its own or in combination with other treatments. It’s usually given in cycles, allowing the body to recover between sessions.

Procedure Steps:

• Assessment: The doctor evaluates the type and stage of cancer as well as your overall health.
  
• Planning: The best combination of medications, dosages, and schedules is selected.
  
• Preparation: IV access is set up if needed, and anti-nausea medications may be provided.
  
• Administration: Drugs are administered over a span of weeks or months in repeated cycles.
  
• Monitoring: The doctor tracks your response and adjusts treatment as needed.
  

2. Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy enhances the body’s natural immune system, training it to recognize and destroy cancer cells more effectively.

Commonly used for:

• Melanoma
  
• Lung and bladder cancers
  
• Certain blood cancers
  

Procedure Steps:

• Screening: Biomarker testing determines eligibility.
  
• Selection: The doctor chooses the most suitable immunotherapy.
  
• Infusion: Administered via IV every 2–6 weeks.
  
• Observation: The doctor monitors for immune-related side effects.
  

3. Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy, also known assmart drugs, is a highly advanced form of cancer treatment. It attacks specific genes or proteins that support cancer growth, sparing most healthy cells. This method is especially effective for cancers with known genetic mutations such as HER2 or EGFR. The medication is typically taken orally.

Procedure Steps:

• Genetic testing: Identifies mutations in the tumor.
  
• Drug matching: The appropriate therapy is selected based on your genetic profile.
  
• Administration: Medication is given either in pill form or via IV drip, depending on the case.
  

Post-treatment: What to expect

After oncology treatment, patients may experience fatigue, changes in appetite, and emotional ups and downs as the body recovers. Regular follow-up visits, imaging tests, and blood work help monitor for recurrence or side effects, while supportive care focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Short-term recovery

Observation and monitoring:
Your doctor will monitor you closely during the first 30–60 minutes after the procedure to detect any allergic reactions or side effects. Vital signs are also recorded before discharge.

Common side effects:

• Nausea
  
• Fatigue
  
• Headaches
  
• Flu-like symptoms
  

Immune and blood monitoring:
Blood counts may drop 24–72 hours post-treatment. Doctors may prescribe immune boosters or blood transfusions if necessary.

Hydration and nutrition:
You’ll be advised to stay well-hydrated and consume light, protein-rich meals. Your doctor and dietitian will guide you toward an ideal post-treatment diet.

At-home instructions & emergency signs:
Before discharge, you’ll receive a guide on symptoms to watch for—such as fever or bleeding. If you experience severe pain or discomfort, you should contact your doctor immediately.

Long-term recovery

Cycle-to-cycle adjustments:
With each treatment cycle, your body may respond differently. The doctor might adjust your medication dose or schedule if toxicity develops.

Hair, skin, and weight changes:
Hair loss typically starts 2–3 weeks after beginning treatment. Skin sensitivity, nail changes, and weight fluctuations are also monitored closely.

Emotional and cognitive impact:
"Chemo brain," mood swings, fatigue, and mental fog are common. Psychological support, therapy, or medication can help ease these symptoms.

Tumor response monitoring:
Scans, lab tests, and physical exams are performed regularly to determine whether the tumor is shrinking or stable. If the treatment is not working, your doctor will revise or escalate your care plan.

Restoring health through oncology excellence at Biruni Hospital

Navigating cancer treatment through medical oncology is a multi-phase journey that demands preparation, precision, and resilience. From your first consultation to your final follow-up, your doctor will guide you every step of the way. At Biruni Hospital, we are committed to providing world-class care and equipping you with the best tools and treatments to restore your health and quality of life.