Stomach Cancer : Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

What is stomach cancer?

Stomach cancer, also called gastric cancer, occurs when abnormal cells begin to grow in the lining of the stomach. This growth can interfere with normal stomach functions and may eventually spread to other parts of the body if not treated.

Although it is less common than some other types of cancer, stomach cancer has a significant impact worldwide. Awareness and understanding of the disease are important. Early recognition, regular medical check-ups, and knowledge of risk factors help improve outcomes and guide timely medical care.

Stomach cancer symptoms

Stomach cancer often develops slowly, and its early signs may be subtle, making the condition difficult to detect in the initial stages. Being aware of the symptoms can help in seeking timely medical evaluation.

Common early symptoms

• Feeling full quickly after eating small amounts of food
• Persistent bloating or a sensation of fullness in the upper abdomen
• Indigestion or heartburn that does not improve with usual treatments
• Nausea or vomiting
• Loss of appetite or reduced interest in food
• Unexplained weight loss

Signs that may appear as cancer progresses

• Abdominal pain or discomfort, often in the upper stomach area
• Blood in vomit or stool, which may appear dark or black (black stool)
• Swelling or fluid build-up in the abdomen (ascites)
• Fatigue or weakness, often due to anemia from chronic blood loss
• Difficulty swallowing, especially if the tumor is near the junction of the stomach and esophagus
• Persistent indigestion or a feeling of discomfort after meals
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) in rare cases when cancer spreads to the liver

It is important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by conditions other than stomach cancer. However, persistent or unexplained digestive problems should always prompt a medical consultation. Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes.

Who does stomach cancer affect?

Stomach cancer can happen to anyone, but some people are more likely to get it.

• Older adults: Most cases happen in people over 50.

• Men: Men get stomach cancer more often than women.

• Family history: People with close relatives who had stomach cancer are at higher risk.

• Bacterial infection: Long-term infection with H. pylori bacteria can increase the chance.

• Lifestyle factors: Smoking, drinking too much alcohol, and eating a lot of salty or processed foods can raise the risk.

• Stomach problems: Having conditions like acid reflux or previous stomach surgery may increase the risk.

Diagnosis of Stomach Cancer

Diagnosing stomach cancer early is essential for improving treatment outcomes and survival rates. Doctors begin with a thorough medical history and physical examination. They ask about symptoms, family history of cancer, and risk factors such as infections, diet, smoking, or alcohol use. The physical examination allows the doctor to check for abdominal swelling, tenderness, or unusual lumps, while also assessing overall health.

• Endoscopy (Gastroscopy)

Endoscopy, also called gastroscopy, is often the next step. In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to examine the stomach lining. The doctor can observe abnormal growths, ulcers, or other suspicious areas. If anything unusual is found, a biopsy is usually performed during the same procedure.

• Biopsy

A biopsy involves taking a small sample of tissue from the stomach lining. This tissue is examined under a microscope to confirm whether cancer cells are present. Biopsy is the most reliable test for diagnosing stomach cancer.

• Imaging Tests

Imaging tests help determine the size, location, and spread of the cancer. CT scans provide detailed images of the stomach and surrounding organs, while PET scans can reveal if cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Sometimes, a barium X-ray is used, where the patient swallows a special dye that coats the stomach lining, making abnormalities easier to see on X-rays.

• Blood Tests

Blood tests can show anemia caused by bleeding in the stomach and give information about overall organ function. Certain tumor markers, such as CEA and CA 19-9, may also be measured to provide additional information about the cancer and guide treatment decisions.

• Staging Tests

After diagnosis, staging tests are performed to understand how far the cancer has spread. Staging helps doctors develop the most suitable treatment plan. This may include further imaging, laparoscopy to examine the inside of the abdomen, or additional biopsies if needed.

Treatment options for stomach cancer

Treatment for stomach cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the location of the tumor, and the overall health of the patient. Doctors usually recommend a combination of therapies to remove the cancer, control its spread, and relieve symptoms.

Surgery

Surgery is often the primary treatment for stomach cancer, especially when the disease is detected early. In many cases, doctors perform a partial or total gastrectomy, which involves removing part or all of the stomach along with nearby lymph nodes to prevent the spread of cancer. 

For small tumors confined to the stomach lining, endoscopic procedures may be used to remove the tumor without major surgery. Surgery not only helps remove the cancer but also allows doctors to evaluate the extent of the disease more accurately.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells or stop them from growing. It can be given before surgery to shrink tumors, making them easier to remove, or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some advanced cases, chemotherapy is used as the main treatment to control cancer progression and relieve symptoms.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It is often combined with chemotherapy to improve treatment effectiveness, either before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence. Radiation can also be used in advanced cases to relieve pain or other symptoms caused by cancer.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy involves medications that focus on specific molecules or pathways that help cancer cells grow. Unlike chemotherapy, targeted therapy attacks cancer cells while causing less damage to normal cells. This type of treatment is usually recommended for patients whose tumors have certain genetic changes or markers that make them responsive to these drugs.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy works by boosting the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. It may be considered for patients with advanced stomach cancer or tumors that have specific characteristics making them more likely to respond to immune-based treatments. Immunotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other therapies.

Prevention and lifestyle tips

Although not all cases of stomach cancer can be prevented, there are steps you can take to lower your risk. By making healthy choices and being aware of risk factors, you can protect your stomach and improve your overall well-being.

• Healthy Diet

You can reduce your risk by eating a balanced diet. Try to eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while limiting salty, smoked, and processed foods. Foods rich in vitamins and antioxidants help keep your stomach lining healthy.

• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol

If you smoke or drink alcohol heavily, quitting or reducing these habits can lower your chances of developing stomach cancer.

• Regular medical check-ups

It is important for you to have regular checkups, especially if you have a family history of stomach cancer or other risk factors. Screening for Helicobacter pylori infection and treating it promptly can prevent long-term stomach problems. If you have chronic stomach issues or acid reflux, consult your doctor regularly.

• Healthy lifestyle habits

Maintaining a healthy weight, staying active, and managing stress can help keep your digestive system healthy. Paying attention to early symptoms and risk factors allows you to seek timely medical care.

By eating well, avoiding harmful habits, attending regular check-ups, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, you can reduce your risk of stomach cancer and take better care of your overall health.

Taking Charge of Your Stomach Health

Stomach cancer can feel overwhelming, but being informed and proactive can make a real difference. By understanding the risk factors, recognizing early symptoms, seeking timely diagnosis, and following recommended treatments, you can improve your chances of a positive outcome.

At Biruni Hospital, a team of experienced specialists is dedicated to providing comprehensive care for patients with stomach cancer. From advanced diagnostic tests and personalized treatment plans to ongoing support and follow-up, the hospital ensures that you receive high-quality care at every step.

Remember, your health matters. Paying attention to your lifestyle, scheduling regular check-ups, and consulting experts when needed empowers you to take control and act early. With the right information and medical support, you can face stomach cancer with confidence and hope.